He aha ngā pūpahi e whakarato ana i te tukatuka waimātātoko māma i te ahumāra?

Ngā Momo Pūpahi Matua me Tōna Pānga ki te Mātauranga Waimāori mō te Ahuwhenua

Pūpahi Pokapū, Pūpahi Nekehanga Rārangi, me ngā Pūnaha Pūpahi Tūmau: Te Whakawhitinga Rāwekenga, Takotoranga Whenua, me ngā Hiahia Hurihanga Tītī

Ko ngā puna whakaputangia i nāianei e tū ake ana i ngā rahi katoa, i ngā hoahoa hoki, ko ia kia pai ake mō ngā momo mara, ngā herehere hoki. Hei tauira ko ngā piramiti pokapū, ēnei pūnaha porowhita nui e karawheta ana kei te tītaha o tētahi pou pokapū, ka mahi pai ana ki ngā whenua paraka i waenganui i te 50 ki te 500 heketepe. Ka iti ake te wai e hara ana ina whakatau ki ngā tikanga māwhara tawhito, ka puāwai pea i te 30% nā te mea ka tapukia te wai taurite ki ngā rāwekenga iti ake. Kātahi ka tū ake ngā pūnaha nekehana raina, e torotoro ana ki ngā mara tapawhā, e whakamahi ana i ngā ara parareka. Ka taea hoki e ēnei te whakahaere i ngā wāhi e wehe ana anoo, ngā puke reka hoki, ka pupuri tonu i te tūwātea o te wai i runga i te 85% o te rohe i te wā nuinga. Mō ngā wāhi uaua, pērā i ngā āhua kikoikoi, ngā hurihanga taro hoki, ka tika ake ngā pūnaha takotoranga pūmau. Ka taea e ēnei whakaurunga pūmau te whakapai i ngā wāhi motuhake tūtata, ā, ina hiahiatia ētahi wāhi e hiahia ana ki ngā wai e rua rerekē ana. Anō hoki, ko te āhua e taea ai te whakarerekē i te teitei e āki nei te aronga ki te iti ake i te rere wai ki ngā takotoranga e 15%.

Whakapānui Hohonu i te Hangarau Nozzle: Ngā Pāwiri, Pāpāroti, me ngā Pāwiri Pakaru ā-Gear me Ŏ Rātou Whaihua ki te CU, Rahi o ngā Tāpae, me te Kīmōkura i te Parirau

Ko te ara e hoahoa ana ai ngā pōrohe i te wāhi nui ki te āhua o te tukatuka wai, hinga atu anō ki te whakahaere i ngā mea pērā i te rahi o ngā karutia, ngā rahi o te kaha, me te wāhi e haere mai ana ēnei karutia. Ko ngā pūpahi takirua e wehe ana i te wai ki ngā karutia e 1 ki te 3 mirimita mitarau pea te rahi, e pai ana mō ngā oneone matotoru, nā te mea ka taea e ēnei oneone te whakauru i te wai i tētahi tere e tika ana, kāore he paparinga ki runga. Ko ngā pōrohe huri, pōrohe rorohiko e hanga ana i tētahi mātai tino iti ake i ngā pēhitanga iti ake, e tino tāwhai ana i ngā inenga o te Coefficient o te Kotahi e 90% nekehia ana ka korekauka ana te hau. Heoi anō, ina piki ake te hau ki te 5 mita ia hēkona, ka ngaro ēnei pōrohe i waenganui i te 15 ki te 25% o te wai tru ngāwari. Kua kīia nei ko ngā pōrohe taraiwa te tikanga hou. Ko ēnei tauira kei reira ngā wāhi iti e taea te whakarerekē e pupuri ai i te rahi o ngā karutia i waenganui i te 2 ki te 4 mm i te tino tika, ahakoa te pēhitanga e rerekē ana. Ka pupuri i ngā inenga CU e 88% nekehia ana i ngā tikanga hau rerekē, ka iti ake ngā ngaro whakapua wai e te 18% mō ngā hoahoa pōrohe tawhito. Ko te kōwhiringa i te momo pōrohe tika he rapu i te wāhi pai i waenganui i te tiaki i te oneone, te whakaurunga wai pai, me te iti iho i te wai e ngaro ana ki te rangi.

Te Ngaengae me te Tōmuri i te Whānuitanga o te Toronga Wai ki ngā Karuwha

Te Koanga Kotahi (CU) me te Whānuitanga Toronga (DU): Ngā Tahumaero Whaihua mō te Mahi a ngā Karuwha

Kāore e noho ana te tirohanga ki ngā inenga whānuitanga mō ngā tau e tuanui ana i tētahi papamuna engari mō te mārama ki te āhua o te mahi a te whakapai whai mātau i te pūtake. Ko te Raraunga Kotahi, CUB rānei e whakaatu ana i te āhua o te wāhi e tukuna ai te wai mā te mara. Ina eke tēnei tau ki runga ake i te 85%, ka mōhio tātou he pai te mahi o te punaha i te nuinga o te wā. Kei te hea anō hoki te Whakawhitinga Kotahi (DU), e whakarārangi ana i te nui o te wai e tae atu ana ki te kaupeka parurenga parurenga o te mara ki te nuinga o te whakapai. Whakaaturia e tēnei inenga ngā wāhi e iti ana te putanga mai o te makariri. E ai ki ngā rangahau mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Georgia i te 2023, ko ngā mara e 75% pea ake ngā inenga DU e hara ana i te 18 ki te 22% iti ake i ngā mara e iti nei te whakawhiti wai. Kia mau ai ēnei hua pai, me tiaki ngā kainenga o ngā taputapu whakapai i waenganui i te 10 ki te 50 psi mō ngā karu whakaputa, me tautapa i ngā taputapu ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā hau, me te tirotiro tonu mō ngā herekanga e taea ana e te katoa.

Whakapaipai i te Tere Ua (3–5 mm/h) hei Whakaiti i te Rere, Whakapai ake i te Tomokanga, me te Heke i te Tangohanga Whakapoko

Ko te tere e pā ai te wai ki te hau tapu he rerekē nui ki te ara e pā ai. Mēnā ka heke te ua tino rapu, ka whai panoni mātou. Engari mēnā ka heke ia tino mama, kātahi ka evapora atu te wai anō i mua i tana whai wāhi ki roto. Ka pai te haurangi o ngā hau tapu e 3 ki te 5 mirimita ia haora. Ina ko te ua e pā ake ana i te 6 mm/haora, ina nui ake te pikinga o te pikinga, ina nui ake i te 5%, ka piki te panoni umanga noa i te hawhe e ai ki ngā rangahau mai i Alabama Cooperative Extension i te 2023. I te taha arataki, ko te mea e iti ake ana i te 3 mm/haora koia ko te hawhe atu o te wai e ngaro ana ki te rangi i ngā wāhi maroke. Ko ngā punaha whakapaipai ā-hinu e whakatika nei i ēnei uarangi mā te whakamahi i ngā puipui motuhake e whakarere ana i te toki mā te āhua e pā ana ki te whenua kei raro i a rātou. Ka tāwhai hoki rātou i ngā wā whakapaipai mā te āhua e neke ana mai i ngā tikanga e neke mai ana mai i te mara. Anō hoki, kātahi ka pāwhara rātou i te wai ki ngā takotoranga e pupuri ai i te kāore e pāhura ana. Kua mahi tahi ēnei mahi katoa kia noho ai te 95 o ia 100 karaka kia whai wāhi ai ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana. Ka penapena moni ngā kaiwhangai hoki nā te mea ka pau rātou i te toru tekau tāra iti ake i ia ekera ia tau nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia kia rere tā rātou pūpahi pakuake, ā, kāore hoki i te iti ake ngā matū e horo ana me te wai nui.

Ngā Pūkenga Matua e Rawa ai te Maroke o te Pūnaha Karuwha

Ngā Kaitōaitanga Toharite, Ngā Tūru Mātai, me ngā Tūru Arataki Iharaira: e Whakauru ana i te Whakamahinga Tautoko i raro i ngā Tikanga Kōrero

Ko te pakuha o te pāmahana tika mō te hauora he toru ngā wāhanga matua e mahi tahi ana: ngā tapa whakarākei pāmahana, ngā tapa tika mō ngā karu tātai, me ngā tapa whakahaere rere. Ko ngā tapa whakarākei pāmahana hei whakapapa pāmahana pūmau ina heke ai, piki ai te pāmahana, i te wā e pā ana ki ngā pū e mahi kore ana, e aki ai i ngā raru pērā i te mātai, te tātai hoki, me ngā karu iti e kore e pai ki te tātai. Ko ngā karu tātai tika he ara rere motuhake ka hanga karu iti e 1.5 ki te 3.5 mm te rahi. Ka pūmau ake ēnei karu iti ki te hau, kāore i te pāwera tere, ā, ka whai anō ki te oneone engari kāore i te noho noa i runga. Mā ngā tapa whakahaere rere ka taea e ngā kaihautū te whakarerekē i ngā wāhi rereke o ō rātou mara, he mea nui rawa tēnei ina hiahiatia rerekētia te wai mō ngā taraiwa, ina whakaitia ana te rere o te wai ki ngā oneone uaua. Ina mahi tika ana ēnei wāhanga, ka pupuri i te tōaitanga tūtata ki runga ake i te 85% ahakoa he pāmahana e rerekē ana, he piki heke rānei te takotoranga. Tuhia ngā karu tātai e whakarākei pāmahana me ngā tapa whakarākei tika hei tauira ka taea te whakaiti i te rereketanga o te rere ki heke ake i te 10% mā runga i ngā wāhi piki. Ko ngā kaihautū e whakauru ana i tēnei pūnaha ka kitea he iti ake te whakamahi wai e 15% ki te 30% mō ngā pūnaha tawhito kāore i te whakahaere. Ā, kaua e wareware, he nui te take o te tiaki tahi i ngā wā katoa—ngā kōpae ma, ngā karu kore porotiti, ērā anō ngā mea e pupuri ai i te pūnaha kia mahi pai ai i te wā roa.

Ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Mārama hei Tautoko i te Rawa o ngā Pūpahi mō te Wā Roa

Kia pai ai te mahi a ngā pūnaha whakapā mai, me te arotake tōnu i ngā raraunga pai. Kei te mahi ēnei kainahira mātātoru hou i tēnei wā ki ngā matapae huarere takotoranga me ngā panonitanga o te pouri taiwhenua kia tautoheke ai ngā kaupapa whakapā mai. Ka iti ake te wai e herekau ana i ngā riri hauāuru, e 30% neke atu pea, ā, ka āwhina i ngā tikanga kia mau tonu te wai i ngā wā e tipi haere ana ngā wero. Heoi anō, he nui te take o te tiaki tōpiko. Mā te arotake i ngā parirau, ngā kōhatu, me ngā tautuhinga toki tokorua ia toru marama ka taea te kimihia i ngā raruraru i mua i te kino. Ka tino whakaheke i te ūnga o ngā tīkanga te parirau parurewa, i waenganui i te 15% ki te 40%. Ko ngā panonitanga toki hoki e pa ana ki te ara e horo ana ai te wai. Mā te tautoheke i ngā araki me ngā tauwāhanga parirau i ia wā o te tau ka whakaritea kia pā te wai ki ngā wāhi e hiahiatia ana, ka iti ake te wai e pakaru ana e ngā hau. Tāpiri tēnei katoa ki ngā arotake rere tēnei ka tīmata tātou ki te hanga i ngā turanga pono mō te maroke. Ka āwhina tēnei ki te rapu rapa haruru, ki te whakamātau i ngā raruraru e tū ake ana, me te pupuri i te toki wai pai i te wā katoa o te wā o te puipui. Ko ngā kaiwhakatō e whakamahi nei i tēnei tikanga whānui ka kitea e iti ake ana ō rātou nama wai me te hiko i ia tau, e 12% ki te 18%, katoa i te wā e pupuri ana i te ūnga o ngā tīkanga.

FAQ

Pātai: He aha ngā momo pūnaha whakapua tūmatanui e kōrerotia ana?

Whakautu: E kōrerotia e te tuhinga ngā momo toru matua o ngā pūnaha whakapua: ngā pūnaha pokapū pirini, ngā pūnaha nekehanga raina, me ngā pūnaha takotoranga katoa.

Pātai: Me pēhea e pāngia ai ngā hoahoa nōhi i te tukatuka waimāori?

Whakautu: Ka pāngia e ngā hoahoa nōhi te tukatuka waimāori mā te whakahaere i te rahi o ngā waru, ngā maru energi, me te tukanga. Ko ngā momo rerekē o ngā nōhi pērā i ngā whakapua takirua, ngā whakapua hurihuri, me ngā whakapua karu karu he whai pānga rerekē ki te uaua o te waimāori me te ū āhua o te tukanga.

Pātai: He aha te Ū Āhua Tukatuka (DU) me te take e nui ana ia?

Whakautu: Ka whakarārangihia e te DU te nuinga o te waimāori e tae mai ana ki te porowhā atamira o tētahi mara ki te kaupapa tukanga. Ko ngā inenga DU te tikanga o te whakamahi uaua i te waimāori, ka iti ai te wareware waimāori, ka whakapau ai kia tae te waimāori ki ngā tarutaru.

Pātai: Me pēhea e pai ake ai ngā pūnaha whakapua aki kaki i te uaua?

A: Ko ngā punaha whakaihiihi mārama ka whakapai ake i te arataki mā te whakamahi i ngā pūpahi motuhake eāwhakarātana ai te toki based on the conditions o te whenua, eāwhakarite ai i ngā wā whakaihi based on ngā raraunga ā-taiao, me te whakaheke i ngā hinganga evaporation me te whakaihi i te wai.