Me pēhea te whakarite i tētahi karaka ōrau hei whai mā ngā huringa waimātukutuku o te mara?

Te Mārama ki ngā Taimā Ōrau me tō rātou Tūtohu ki te Whakarerekenga Uārau Āhua

He aha te taimā ōrau me te pēhea e āwhina ai i te whakarerekenga uārau mā te whai wāhi i te whakamahi wai mātātoko?

Ko ngā taimātia ripenga e whakamātautau ana i te whaitua o te wai e rere ana i runga i tētahi wā tata, arā pea 15 meneti, ka māma te whakapau wai. Ina tautaia e tētahi ki te 50%, ka waihia ngā tauropi mō te waru meneti ia wa. E ū ana tēnei ki ngā hiahia pūmahara o ia momo kai, ā, ko te tukanga evapotranspiration hei ine i te nui o te parurenga i pau ai. Mā te whakarite atu ki ngā taima wai noa, kua iti ake te wai kua pau mō ngā huarākau umatia 29% e te Rōpū Whakapau Wai i te tau ki muri. Nō reira he mea pai rawa tēnei mō ngā pāmu e hiahia ana ki te neke mai i te tākarotia ki te whakahaere wai āhuatia mā te raraunga pono engari kāore i te whai i ngā tikanga tawhito.

Te neke mai i ngā kaupapa whakapau wai tata ki te arataki whai wāhi wai mā ngā panonitanga ripenga

Ko ngā punaha whakapau wai takotoranga e pau ana 20–40% o te wai i te pānga ki te kaupapa herehere. Ko ngā taimātia ripenga e whakaae ana arataki whai wāhi wai , i tēnā wā e whakapakari ngā kaiwhenua i te wā inuaporoaporo ia wiki mā te āhuatanga o ET. I ngā marama matawhenua, ka piki pea te tautau 70% ki te 95% hei urupare ki te hiahia ake o ngā taraiwa mō te wai, kātahi ka heke ki te 50% i muri i te kohi.

Te whakauru i ngā karaka tohutōru mā te kaitirotiro mātātoko mātāpuna mō te whakahaere wai tata

Ko ngā punaha hōu e hono ana i ngā karaka tohutōru ki ngā kaitirotiro paru me ngā taputapu mō te whakamātau āhuarangi hei waihanga aronga kuiti mātātoko mātāpuna. I tētahi tāpiripiri 2023, i tūhono ngā pāmu e whakamahi ana i ngā punaha kua hono kia 92% te mahi māmā i te whakamahi wai mā te whakaiti aunoa i te wā inuaporoaporo i ngā wā ua, i te noho tonu i te rongoā pai o te paru.

Te Tātai i ngā Hiahia Wai Mātai mā te Whakaputanga (ET) me ngā Kaupeka Mātai

Me pēhea te Whakaputanga (ET) me ngā Kaupeka Mātai e whakatau ana i ngā Hiahia Uruwhenua Rāonapo

Ko ngā kaiwhakarerehua e mōhio ana ki te nui o te wai e hiahiatia ana e ngā taraiwa mā te tiro i tētahi mea ki te ingoa ko evapotranspiration, i te poto rānei ko ET. Kei te neke haeretia te wai katoa i ngaro ai ka whetu mai te hau mai i te oneone tāpiri hoki te wai e tuku aha ana ngā rakau mā ō rātou rau. Ki te kimi i ngā tau āhuatia, ka tango rātou i ngā uara ET tohua e hāngai ana ki ngā anga huarere ā-rohe mō ngā wāhi taru taru ārai ārai, ka whakarewa ki ngā herenga taraiwa motuhake e mōhiotia ana hei ngā koanga Kc. He nui te panoni a te Ākura ki tana uara Kc, ka timata ki te 0.3 ina tuatahitia ana, ka piki ki te 1.2 ina kua pakuaka te tipu. Ahakoa he rite tonu te huawhenua, e 1.0 ki te 1.1 te nuinga o tana wātipu tipu. He pai te kōrero mō ngā kaiwhakarerehua e hiahia ana ki te whakapai ake i ngā hōtaka whai wā, ko te Whare Wānanga o Michigan State e tuku ana i ngā kaitātai ipurangi kore utu e whakarerekē ana i ēnei uara ET e hāngai ana ki ngā tikanga mara me ngā āhuatanga matua o te taraiwa.

Te whakamahi i Te Tātai Pūmahara Wai ki te Whakatau i te Hiahia Wai Ora-ia-ra o ngā Tīkanga Māra

Ko te tātai pūmahara wai e āki ana i te puehu o te oneone mā te whakarārangihia i ngā unu (ua, whakapau wai) me ngā unuake (ET, paraihe). E neke ana ngā kaitirotiro i te puehu i te rohe ūpuku, ka whakahoheia te whakapau wai ina heke iho te puehu i raro i te 50% o te kapahau. I mōhiotia e ngā kaiwhenua nāna ngā awatea i whakamahi i tēnei tikanga i te iti ake o te whakapau wai 22% kāore i mate te hua, ā, i mōhiotia e tētahi rangahau a UC Davis i te 2023.

Tauānga Tāpiri: Te Whakaritenga Whakapau Wai mā te Whakamahi i ngā Ōwehenga Raraunga mō ngā Tīkanga Huawhenua

I te takiwā o Salinas i Kaliponia, kātahi ka pakari ngā kaiwhakahaere tuarākau ki te whakaiti i ō rātou whakamahinga wai umanga 18 pārerau i muri i te tīmata i te hono i ō rātou wāpapaku whakapau wai ki ngā panonitanga ET (evapotranspiration) ia rā. I tētahi wā huarangi tino wera i maroke ai ngā hōuhū, ka piki ake te uara ET ki te 7.8 mm ia rā, ka arahi tēnei i te punaha aunoa ki te whakaroa i te wā whakapau wai mai i te toru haurua. Engari, i ērā atu rā roa me ngā korua, ka heke te ET ki raro i te 3.2 mm ia rā, nō reira ka iti ake te punaha whakapau wai mai i te haurua. E ai ki ngā rangahau i mahia ki ngā pā tunua e rite ana, ko te whakamahi i ēnei panoni ōrite mā te raraunga ET takirua-kaponga e āwhina ana i te pupuri i ngā hua tuarākau ki roto i te tauwāhine 9 pārerau, tērā pea i te whai i ngā kōwhiringa whakapau wai kua tohua inaianei ahakoa te āhua o te rangi.

Te Tautuhi i ngā Tautuhinga Wāpapaku Ōrite i ngā Kaitirotiro Whakapau Wai Atamira

Te Aratohu Ngātahi-ki-ngā-Ngātahi hei Whakauru i ngā Panonitanga Ōrite mā te Hiahia Wai o te Tuarākau

Ko te tīmata i ngā karauna ōrau ka tīmata ki te whakaturanga i ngā wā pāwhara tuakiri hauauru mā te whai wāhi i ngā raraunga evapotranspiration me ngā herekore ake o ngā taraiwa. Māia ana ngā pūnaha pāwhara hou kia whakarerekē ngā kaimahi i ō rātou tahumaero wai i ngā waewae iti, i ētahi wā e iti ana ki te 1%, ā, ka mahia ēnei panonitanga i ngā wāhi katoa atu anō. Ina heke ngā wāhi, ko te iti ake i te 20% i te nui o te wai e tukuna mai ana engari kia mau tonu te kaupapa ka aukati i te hoki ki te oneone pouri kia kaua e hurihuri ki ia tokotoru takitahi. E ai ki ngā rangahau mai i te Rārangi Awa o te Awa o te United States, ko tēnei tikanga e hoatu ana i te wai e hiahiatia ana engari kāore i te nui ake ka taea te penapena i waenganui i te 15 ki te 35 ōrau o te wai katoa mō ngā taraiwa e mamae ana ina heke te ua.

Te Whakawhitinga i te Tatawe o te Pāwhara me te Roa me ngā Tauira Tangohanga Wai a te Tāraiwa

Ko ngā tautuhinga taima ōrau mutunga-kaupapa e āhua ana ki ngā aronga rohe matua:

• Ngā huarākau paru penei (≤12" te hohonu) e paingia ana e ngā maimai poto, maha (50–70% te wā whakaputa)
• Ka pai ake te mahi a ngā rīwai kōpae ki te whānui ake i ngā wā pūmahara ki te 100–120% o te take
  I tētahi rangahau 2023 i Agriculture Tūtohu i whakaatu ko te whakauru i ngā maimoatanga waimoana ki ngā tauira here o te paringa waimoana i whakanui ai i te hua o ngā taimata ki te 18% i te mea i iti ake ai ngā utu pūmpa ki te $22/ekare.

Te takahi i te paradoxa o te ahumahi: He aha ngā āhuatanga ōrite e kore nei e whakamahia ake nā te nui o te whakauru ki ngā kainenga mātauranga

E 72 ōrau o ngā pūripi he whānuitia ana e ēnei punaha whakapua kōpūpū atamira e te Pūrongo a te Rōpū Whakapauwhenua i te tau ki muri, engari anake te hautoru neke atu ka whakamahia ēnei āhuatanga tātai. Kei te whakaaro tonu ngā kaiwhenua ko te whakaritenga ā-ringa he mea haumaru ake, ahakoa e tohua ana e ngā rangahau ko te tātai waimātā aunoa e iti ake ai ngā hinganga umanga ina tae mai ngā rēwena hukapapa. Ko te matua take he kia noho tonu te pāmahana o te oneone i te wāhi e tika ana. Āwhina ana ngā wāhanga ako e whakaatu nei i ngā tauira pono i te kapi i te rohenga mōhiohio. Arā, te whakamārama i te hōputaputa i ngā taimera ki te 65 ōrau i ngā wiki hukapapa ina e 90 nga wāhi Fahrenheit me te pāmahana e noho ana ki te 40 ōrau, ka rerekē te take mō ētahi kaiwhenua e kore ana e mōhio ki te tīmatanga.

Whakanui i te Tika mā te Raraunga Tauwātata me te Whakahaere Āwhā

Te Whakamahi i ngā Kaitirotiro Pāmahana Oneone me ngā Rangi hei Tātai i ngā Tautuhinga Taimera Ōrau

Ka tino pono ngā punaha whakapua o te rā nei ka honoia ngā kaiwhakaemi paru ki ngā raraunga o te tokotoru āhuarangi e neke ana ki ngā kāhua ōrau. Ka whakarerekē ai te roa o te wā e whakapuia ana te whenua i runga i ngā mea e āhua ana ki waho. Kua kite ngā kaiwhenua ko te iti ake pea i te 15 ki te 30 ōrau te iti ake o te wai e whakamahia ana i ngā wātata kapua, ā, kāore i te hinga te hua o ngā taraiwa. I whakapumautia e tētahi rangahau hou mai i Nebraska i te tau 2023 tēnei kaupapa. Ko ēnei kainoho mātauranga e hurihuri ana i ngā tautuhinga whakapua ia rā ki te mōhio katoa mai i ngā kaiwhakaemi. Hei whakarāpopototanga, e hāngai ana ki te nui o te wai e hiahiatia ana e ngā taraiwa i te wā e hiahiatia ana, engari kāore i te arataki mō te kaupapa horāpaki. He mea whakawhirinaki tēnei ina whakaaro ana koe ki te penapena rākau, ā, anō hoki kia hiahiatia ngā hua pai.

Te Whakauru i ngā Ahunga Tūtohu Taraiwa o te Wātapu ki te Whakaritenga Whakapua Āhuatanga

Ko ngā hiahia wai mō ngā taro e rerekē ana i te taima katoa i ngā wā o te tau, ā, ko te take hei whakaaro hei te pikinga o te taro me te nui o te ngota rākau i hangaia. Ko ngā punaha whakapau wai hou e whakamahi ana i ngā tauira takotoranga taro (Kc) arataki, arā pea he tikanga e whakarereke ana i te nui o te wai e hoatu ana ia rā, ā, e hāngai ana ki te wai e ngaro ana i te taro trangwhenua mā te whakaputanga me te whakapau. Hei tauira, ko te karuwhai ka tīmata ki te 0.4 ka piki ake ki te 1.15 i ngā wiki o te wā pumau rawa, ināianei ka hiahiatia te nuinga o te wai. Me whakarereke ngā kaiwhetū ō rātou taima ina tae mai ngā wā e hiahiatia ai. I whakawhitinga ngā tātari i ngā rākau amani i Kaliponia, e whai ana tēnei tikanga i ngā hiahia wai pono i te nuinga o te wā, ā, e 92% te pono, e ai ki ngā rangahau hou.

Whanaketanga Roa-Tau: Te Whakarereke i ngā Rārangi Whakapau Wai ki ngā Rerekētanga o te Āhuarangi me te Huri Taro

Ina te whai mōhio ki te whakamahere mā te wā roa mō te whakapau wai, kei te huri ētahi kaiwhakaora ki ngā rēkōrutu āhuarangi i mua, i te takotoranga atu ki ngā taputapu tātari mō te whakatika i ō rātou taimā ina heke mai ngā wā e tipu ai ngā taro. E ai ki ētahi rangahau hou a te USDA, ko ngā tāngata e mau ana ki te takanga e rima tau pea ka puaki i te wai 18% ake i ngā tāngata e whakamahi ana i ngā kaupapa herekore. Kua hoki pukuriri hoki ngā punaha hou, ka taea e rātou te whakarerekē i ngā kaupapa matua mō te whakapau wai i runga i ngā taro e taro ana mō te tau e coming mai ana. Arānei, ka iti ake te wā e pau ana e ngā kaiwhakaora, pea 40%, ina whakarerekē ana i ngā mara kotipō ki ngā taro tiaki whenua, nā reira ka rerekē te take ina tū ana ngā wā tino maroke.

Ngā Pātai Auau mō te Whakaritenga Taima Mātai ki ngā Taimā Ōtinga

He aha te taimā ōtinga ki te whakapau wai?

Ko te taimā ōtinga ki te whakapau wai he taputapu e whakarerekē ana i te roa o te tuku wai i runga i tētahi wātirotiro taima kua tohua, hei āwhina i te tuku wai kia rite ki ngā hiahia whakapōkai-tauawhi o ngā taro.

Me pēhea e tiaki ai ngā taimātia ōrau i te wai?

Mā te whakauru i te roa o te whakapau wai ki ngā hiahia wai ītaota o ngā taraiwa, kaitekaia e ngā taimātia ōrau te herekanga wai mā te whakarerekenga i ngā wā whakapau wai arā e pā ana ki ngā raraunga me ngā tikanga i te wā tonu.

Me pēhea e mōhio ai ngā kaiwhetū taraiwa i ngā hiahia wai o ngā taraiwa?

Ka mōhio ngā kaiwhetū taraiwa i ngā hiahia wai o ngā taraiwa mā ngā tātai whakapainga, e whakauru ana i te wai kua ngaro mā te whakapae me te whakapainga a te tipu, ka whakarewa ki ngā koepata motuhake mō ia taraiwa.

He aha i kāore ai katoa ngā kaiwhetū taraiwa e whakamahi ana i ngā whakarerekenga ōrau ki ngā punaha whakapau wai?

Ahakoa kua whakamahia whānuitia ngā punaha whakapau wai mātau, e pai ake ana ētahi kaiwhetū ki ngā tautuhinga ā-ringa, pea nō te noho tū familiarity, te whakaaro hē mō te haumātao o ngā whakarerekenga aunoatia.

Me pēhea e whakapai ake ai ngā kainoho whakapau wai mātau i te maroke o te whakamahi wai?

Ka whakamahi ngā kainoho whakapau wai mātau i ngā raraunga i te wā tonu mai i ngā kaitirotiro paru me ngā rārangi āhuarangi hei whakarereke aunoatia i ngā rārangi whakapau wai, ka whakapai ake i te whakamahi wai kia kaua ai te painga taraiwa e ruarua.