Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā tākarotia ōrau e ōrite ana ki ngā hiahia whakauru ahuwhenua?

Te mārama ki ngā Kaitirotiro Ōwe me tā rātou kaupapa ki te Whakaihiihi Tūturu

Ko ngā karu whakatau wā he wāhinga whakahaere mō te katoa e mahi tika ana i ngā mahi whakawātū. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhenua te whakarite i ā rātou whakaritenga wai mā te whakamahi i ngā ōrau tika mō te wai e hiahiatia ana e ngā tipu ia rā, i ia wā o te tau. Ko ngā karu wā anō ka whakahaere i te pōpō me te maha o ngā wā e whakawātūhia ai te wai, ka tūhono hoki ki ngā āhuatanga pērā i te momo tipu e tipu mai ana, kei te wā pīrangi tipu, me te āhua o te oneone. Ko ngā tauira pai ake he hononga tāwai ki ngā kaiwhakamahi oneone me ngā tāpoi whakamātau hau ki te kaihautū hoki. Ko ēnei rāngahau whakamātao ka whakarereke i te roa o te wā e whakawātū ai kia pai ai te whakakaha i ngā pirau, kia kaua e pāpaku te wai. Kua whakaaturia e ngā whakangāhau hauropi mātauranga mātauranga hoki ko te wāhi e whakamahia ai ngā rāngahau karu wā ōrau tahi me te whakawātū pāpaku, ka taea e rātou te 95% te whai rawa i te wai. Ko te tikanga, he iti noa te wai e pāpaku ana, he hau hoki ngā tipu. Mō ngā tipu e hiahiatia ana i ngā wā rerekētanga o te wai i ngā wā rerekē, ko te whakahaere tāpiri tēnei ka tino rerekē ai te rite. Ko ngā mara e urupare ana ki ngā rerekētanga o ngā tikanga, kāore he tāngata e tirohia ana i ia wā.

Te Whakarite i ngā Āhuatanga Whakauru me ngā Whakaritenga Matua

Te Whakarere i ngā Wā Katoa o te Rawa e ārau ana ki ngā Hiahia Wai Katoa o te Tara

Ko ngā tāimer ā-ārau i tēnei wā ka whakaaetia kia tautuhi ngā wā whakawā kia tāuturu ki tētahi ōrau o tētahi whakaritenga matua kaua ko te noho ki ngā wā tata ki te katoa. Ko te pikinga ake ka tū ake ina heke katoa ngā wai e hiahiatia ana e ngā tipu rereke. Hei tauira, ko ngā tipu rākau pāwhara ka taea te 85% o te wā katoa ake, i te wā e āhua tūpono ana te wai, ā, ko te sorghum ka taea te 35% anake. Kei ētahi atamira ka tino whakapai ake i tēnei kaupapa, ka arotake i ngā ārau whakaputanga wai i ia rā ka whakarere ake i ngā ōrau e hiahiatia ana. Kātahi ka aukati i ngā raru ka tū i te wā ka nui rawa te wai ki te hāpene āpiti, i te wā ka pāpaku ana te wai ki te one kaua ko te pūnaha e whai mōhio ana ki ngā tikanga tūmatanui.

Whakaritenga Tuhituhi mō ngā Rohe me ngā Momo Hāpene Rerekē

Māmātia e ngā kaitakotoru e 4–8 ngā wā tātari tū wāhi, nō reira he tino pai mō ngā mara e whai ngā momo one whenua, tauwhenua rānei. Hei tauira, ka taea e tētahi anake te whakahaere:

• Te Wāhanga 1: 65% te wā e herea ai ngā pātīti rīwai e āwhata ana
• Te Wāhanga 2: 40% mō ngā rakau huarākau e whai pāpaku ana i ngā puke
  Kei te teitei o te here kaua e harakeke te wai, ā, whakaaetia hoki ngā rerekētanga i te hohonu o ngā kōawa, pērā i te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā karōti e pōpō ana (12") me ngā amuromu e hohonu ana (36").

Te Whakakotahi i ngā Whakarerekētanga Orau me ngā Raraunga Whakaputanga Wai

Ko ngā pūnaha riteka ka herea ki ngā tāpoi ā-hau ki te taki i te ōrau whakamāunu wai mā te 15–20% i ngā wā heke hau, e whai ana i ngā aratohu FAO 2023. I ngā mara urapa o California, i te whakakotahi i ngā raraunga ET o te wā o nāianei tru ngā kaitakotoru ōrau kua heke te whakamāunu wai i te 28% i te tau, kāore i te whakarere i te hua o te urapa, e kōrero ana tētahi Pūrongo Mahi Kainoho o UC Davis.

Ngā Panonipani Hihiri: Tātari i ngā Tōraru o te Whakarite Wā e Whai Tikanga ana i te Hītori Whakamahinga

Ko ngā kaitakai māka noa e whai mātauranga inihua ana e whakauru ana i ngā tauira whakamahi 90-rā kia mōhio ai ki ngā wā tika mō te waihanga wā. I tētahi mara kukumeri i Nebraska i kitea e 19% te iti ake i te wā e whirihau ai te wai i muri i tana kaitakai māka noa i ako kia huri i te waihanga wā ki ngā hawhe māmā ake i te ata, e iti ai ngā ngaro wai kia evaporation—ko tēnei te āhua o te pānui i tētahi tauānga a USDA NRCS 2022.

Te whai whakawhitinga tūturu ki ngā Pūnaha Waihanga Wā me ngā Tūranga Marae

Te whakauru atu ki ngā Whakarōpū Drip me ngā Whakarōpū Waihanga Wā Itiiti

Kei te pai rawa te mahi a ngā kaitirotiro ōwehenga ki ērā o ngā pūnaha rere iti, pērā i te whakapāpaku pāpaku me ngā kaiwhakaputua wai iti, mai i te āwhina i te wai ki te tūturu ki tēnā tēnā kaiwhakaputa. Ka taea e ngā kainuku te whakatika i te roa e pū ake ai tēnā tēnā rohe e ngā tautuhinga ōwehenga, ā, ka awhina i te wai hoki o te oneone kia ū ki runga i ngā tātaritanga me ētahi atu whenua uaua. Kei te huringa i te toru hauwhā o ngā pānuke katoa tēnei momo whenua irirangi, nō reira ka tino mārama atu kia maha ngā kainuku e huri ana. Kātahi ka heke tēnei kaitirotiro mātāpuna i te wai kua whakaputua ki te hawhe pea ina tāutuhia tika ana ki te nui o te wai e whakaputua ana e tēnā tēnā kaiwhakaputa. Ko te rerekētanga nui tēnei mai i ngā tāutanga tawhito e mōhiotia ana e te katoa, e kore nei e tautohu i ngā panonitanga o te tikanga whenua, te pikinga rānei.

Te Whakatōtika i ngā Kaitirotiro ki ngā Wae Pūnaha me te Rāwekenga Whakahaere

Ko te whiwhi i ngā taputapu tāuturu he whakauru atu ki te tahumaero o te kaitakai, ngā tautuhinga amperā, me te ara e kōrero ai ki ngā wāhanga atu o te punaha pērā i ngā kainoho pūpū, ngā kāpata rere wātū, me ngā hononga katoa o ngā kaiwhakauru. Kei te pai te mahi a ngā kaitakai hou ake e tata ana ki te ōrau ki a rātou i ngā punaha tūhono māmā 12 ki te 24 volt DC e whakamahia ana i ēnei rā mō ngā tautuhinga whakapāpaku irriwhiti kua whakauruhia ki te rā. Ko tēnei he wehe kē i ngā kaitakai tawhito kua whakamahia anake ki te rere ake i te kaha. Ina kōwhiringa kaitakai, kimi i ētahi he ara kua whakaurua ki te kaha tuarua, ki te aronga whakamaru rānei. Āwhina ēnei āhuatanga ki te whakapōkai i te wai kia tū tonu ana te iti noa iho te raru kaha, te pāpaku rānei. He nui te rerekētanga ki ngā wāhi e whakahaere ana i te tūmomo kāore he urupare tere ki te hiko tūmatanui.

Tātari: Ngā Kaitakai Ōrau vs. Ngā Kaitakai Tawhito me ngā Punaha Arataki Matua

Ko ngā punaha rite ki te whare karawhiti he wāhi nui kei te whakamātao huihui i ngā mahi nui. Engari mā ngā pāmu iti me te rahi waenganui, ko ngā tāimeri ōrau e tuku ana i te pono penei i te utu kotahi kia tekau pea te utu ki te tāone. Kaua ko ngā tāimeri tawhito e noho ana ki ngā tākarotia kua whakaritea, engari ko ēnei tauira ōrau e whirihora ana i te wā e hāngai ana ki ngā raraunga evapotranspiration. Ko te rerekētanga e kitea ana hoki i te mahi tika, ko ēnei tāimeri smart e eke ana ki te 92% tika, i ngā tāimeri tawhito 67%. Ko ngā tātaritanga i te ao tūmatanui kua whakaatu i ngā kainuku e hāngai ana ki te 19% te pai ake o ngā hui kai i muri i te huri. Ka tāke tēnei i te mea kei te pai ake te punaha ki te rēwena i ngā rapanga o te wai nui i ngā one kirihi me te tuku i ngā tikanga whakauru iti nei e tiaki ai i te wai kaua ko te kounga o ngā tipu.

Te Whakamahinga Ki Ngā Takiwātanga Huarākau, Me Ngā Rahi Pāmu

Te Whakarite i ngā Tāimeri Ōrau mō Ngā Kāpata Tāra, Ngā Pātīti, Me Ngā Wīnara

Ko ngā kaitakai wai e tautu ana i ngā ōrau tukutuku e whakawātea ana i te māmā te whakahaere i te rahi o te wai ki hea i ngā tōtika rereke. Ka whakatauhia te ngākau mais, te ngākau soya rānei hei tauira. Ka taea e ngā māmā te whakarereke i ēnei tautuhinga kaitakai kia hohe ake te wai i te wā e tipu ana ngā ātārangi, kātahi ka nui ake i te wā e tipu pū ana ngā tipu. Ko ngā kaitiaki ngāhere e mahi ana ki ngā rakau āporo, ngā rakau peka rānei he pai hoki ngā kaitakai ki a rātou. Ka whakahaerea e rātou ngā wā whakapau wai roa ake i ngā ōrau iti ake e āwhina ai i te whakapaku i te oneone ki raro i te kātata o ngā pūpahi nui. He raweke ki ngā kaiwhakahaere wīnau ngā kaitakai e taea te whakauru i ngā wā rereke mō te whakapau wai i ngā wāhanga rerekē o ō rātou wīnau kia rerekē te momo wīnau e tipu ana i reira, me te kaha o ngā rau e tipu ana. Ko ētahi e whakarereke hoki i ngā whakaritenga kia rite ki ngā rākai āwhina kia tiakina ai te katoa e pātia ana kia kāore he nuinga o te wai.

Te Whakahaere i te Tōaitanga o te Hauhautanga o te Oneone me te Rangitāhua Trūwhana te Whakahaere Ōrau

Ina hōuia ki ngā para kua rereke ai te āhua me ngā momo huka, he nui te whakaroa i ngā tāutu tāmera. Ko ngā huka kōpū he pai ake ki te whakaputua i te wā poto ake engari i ngā wā e 60 ki te 70% o te wā e herea ai, nō te mea ka rere tere rawa te wai i runga i a rātou. Ko ngā huka āpiti he rerekētia ana, me whakaputua i te wā roa ake i waenganui hoki engari i ngā wā e 70% atu anō rānei kia kaua e rere te wai i runga i te mata. Mō ngā wāhi e rerekē ana te pikinga, he nui te āwhina a te whakaritenga tata. Ka taea e koe te tāutu i ngā wāhi runga ki te 40% o te wā e herea ai, ka whakapiraua ki te 55% mō ngā wāhi pāpaku. Ka tautoko tēnei i te aronga ake o te wai ki raro i te kaha o te pōkai, ā, ka āwhina i te whakauru wai ki te tū tonu i te takiwā katoa kaua ko tētahi wāhi e nui te wai, ko tētahi kaore.

Tuhinga Pānui: Te āhuatanga o te Whakamahi i ngā Tāmera Tāuturanga i ngā Pāmu Rawa o te United States (USDA, 2022)

E ai ki te Tātai Waihanga Tuawhenua 2022 o te USDA, kei te whakamahi kē pea i te toru huihui o ngā whare wāwai nui ake i te 500 ekeri i ngā tātai ōwehenga, i ēnei rānei ngā tātai tāutu. Ko te nuinga o tēnei he nui ake i te haurua (49%) i te tau 2018. Ko ngā kaiwāwai i whakauru tūturu ki te hangarau nei i mua ka kitea e rātou ngā whakapai ake i waenganui i te 15% ki te 22% i te ōwehenga o rātou whakaihiihi. Mō ngā kaupapa nui, ko tēnei te kauaekena e $1.50 ia ekeri ina hokona ana i te wai. Heoi anō, ko te tuarima e waru o ngā whare wāwai nei ka tāwhai anō hoki i te raraunga tātai ki ngā ine ake i ngā pūkai whakamātao hauauru. Ko te takotoranga o ēnei ka hāngai ki ngā tātai whakarewa e āwhina ana i te whakaihiihi i ngā wā katoa o te tau e huri haere ana ngā tikanga.

Te Whakahohe i te Whakahaere Tawhiti me te Whakauru Rite ki te Anamata

Te Whakairotake Tawhiti me ngā Whakarereketanga Tono Puna Reo Mō Te Whakahaere Ora-Kore

Ko ngā kaitirotiro ōrau o tēnei rā kei te tūwaho mai ana ki ngā whakaritenga awhina ake, ā, ka taea hoki te whirihora i te wā poto ki te whakamahi i ngā tono waea pōnaha. Nō reira kāore he hua whakamāori ki te tūhono atu ki ngā tātari katoa i te wā katoa. Ina panonitia ngā tikanga āhuarangi, i te tīmatanga rānei ka tīmata te pānga atu ki ngā rawa whakamātā o te oneone, ka taea e ēnei rāwekenga hinengaro te whakautu tūpono. E ētahi rangahau i tāwhārangi ai i te tau ki muri i te pānga ki te whakauru ake i ngā rāwekenga whakahaere tūwaho, i kitea ai e ngā kamupene he heke o te 18% ki te wā kāore i te whakamāori. Ko te whakapono ki ēnei ka taea hoki te whakapai ake i te mahi ake o ngā rāwekenga whakawhenua.

Te Whakahaere Whakawhenua: Te Whakakotahi i ngā Kaitirotiro Ōrau ki ngā Kaitirotiro Hau me ngā Kairapu Oneone

Mā te tūhono i ngā kaitirotiro ōrau ki ngā kaitirotiro hau me ngā kairapu oneone, ka taea e ngā pāmu te whakawhenua i ngā wā e hiahiatia ana e ngā here o te tipu. Hei tauira, ko tētahi kaitirotiro i tīmata ai ki te 70% ka taea te whakapiki ake ki te 85% i te wā o te karakia whakamāmātia ai te wai, ka tūtohu ai i te tika o te wai kāore ai i te nui ake.

Te Whakarahinga o Ngā Pūnaha Aunoa mō ngā Whakahaerenga Huarākau Rite ki te Rahi

Ko ngā whira wā-tāwhai pāpaku e whakamāmātia ai te whakarahinga mai i ngā māra 50-eke ki ngā māra nui ake i te 5,000-eke. Kei te whakawhanuihia e ēnei pūnaha te whakahaere ki ngā takiwā katoa, e whirikotia ana ngā tākarotanga ki te whakauru i ngā rerekētanga o te hauwai, te kaha o ngā pūmpa rānei.

He Aronga: Te Wharepaku i tētahi Pūnaha Uruutu Anamata me ngā Whira Wā-tāwhai Pāpaku

Kei te whakamātau ake i ngā whira wā-tāwhai huihui ki te pāpaku i te whai hua o te whakauru uruutu anamata e taea ai ngā whakahoutanga mai i te rere, me te whakauru māmā ki ngā taputapu hou hoki. I whakaputua e ngā māra e whakamahi ana i ngā whira wā-tāwhai ā-hinengaro he iti ake i te 22% te wātā kaihauwai i tētahi tātai ake i te tau 2025, e whakaatu ana i te aha o te whakauru raraunga tawhito ki te whakauru i te whaihua roa.

Pātai Whai Ake (FAQ)

He aha te wā-tāwhai ōrau ki te āhua o te uruutu?

Ko te wā-tāwhai ōrau ki te uruutu e āwhina i ngā kainoho ki te tautuhi i ngā tākarotanga uruutu mā te whakamahi i ngā ōrau e hiahiatia ana mō ngā hiahia wai, e whirikotia ana aunoatia ki ngā take pērā i te momo kaihau, te hauwai rānei.

He aha ngā painga o ngā kaitirotiro ōrau ki te whakauru whakauru tika?

Kākahu ake i te whakauru whakauru tika ngā kaitirotiro ōrau e whakauru ana i te wai ki te whakauru whakauru tika, e iti ai te nui o te wai me te whakapai ake i te hauora o ngā taro.

Ka taea e ngā kaitirotiro ōrau te whakamahi ki ngā punaha whakauru katoa?

Āe, ko ngā kaitirotiro ōrau he tōne e whakauru ana ki ngā tautuhinga whakauru katoa, kei te tāone rānei me ngā punaha whakauru iti, nō reira he tōne mō ngā hiahia huarahi rerekē.

He aha ngā painga o te whakauru kaitirotiro ōrau ki ngā tationi hau me ngā kaiwhakauru oneone?

Ko te whakauru kaitirotiro ōrau ki ngā tationi hau me ngā kaiwhakauru oneone e whakauru ai i ngā panonitanga wai i te wā tika, e whakapono ai i te whakauru tika ki ngā tikanga tūmatanui, nā reira e iti ai te whakamahi wai me te whakapai ake i te mahi.

He tōne ngā kaitirotiro ōrau mō ngā whakauru huarahi nui?

Ae, ka taea e ngā kaitirotiro ōrau te whakarahi me te whakamahi i ngā mahi whānui, e tuku ana i te aratau wehe me te āwherawhera i runga i ngā takiwātanga huarahi me ngā takiwātanga rereke.