Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā pouaka hāneo suitable mō ngā tūmau rama ara?

Te Aratohu mō te Whiriwhiri i ngā Pouaka Hiko e Tino Pai ana mō te Tāwhai i ngā Tūmau Rama Ara

Ko ngā puna hiko hiko o nāianei e horoi ana i te tuku hiko me te haumātanga ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui e nui ana te rereketanga. Ko ēnei pou whakamarie he mea matua herekore ki te aukati i ngā hapa hiko, ka tiaki i ngā karoro, ngā kaihere i ngā waka, me ngā hanganga taone. Ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi pou hiko e pai ana mō te tūwāhi tāraiwa me whakauru anō ngā take maha kia pātata tonu te ū ki te punaha mārama i ngā āhuatanga pūnaha, tikanga, roa ora, me ētahi atu.

Te Whakangāhau Matua: Te Tutuki i ngā Hiahia Tiaki Ipurangi mō ngā Puna Mārama Tāraiwa

Ko te tūtohu matua o te pouaka huihe ki te whakarere i te kōhau o ngā raru maha-kiko me ngā raru poto-iowata kei ngā whatitiri huarahi. Ina heke mai ngā wera kiko kore e pa ana ki ngā tikanga, ngā hononga hapa, i te rangi hoki, ka urupare tūturu te tuhinga motuhake ki roto i te pouaka huihe hei whakakore i te ara kino. E ai ki te rangahau i tukuna e te Rōpū Whanaketanga Hiko Kōtui (NEMA) i te tau 2023, ko ngā whatitiri huarahi e whai huihe kounga ana ka kitea he iti ake te 64% o ngā pakanga hiko nui i te tāwhai i ērā kāore nei.

I te wa e whiriwhiri ana i te momo tiaki, e toru ngā kōwhiringa maroke e waingia ana: ngā taputapu takirua, ngā huihe, me ngā tarauwekenga wekenga:

• Ngā taputapu takirua: Ka taea te whakahou, e pai ana ki ngā pūnaha whatunga hiko hou, e āwhina ana i te mataara tawhito me te whakahaere, i te whakaiti hoki i ngā utu tiaki mō te wā roa.
• Ngā huihe: Ka whakahaere tika i te wā o te whakakore kiko i ngā take nui, e tuku ana i te tiaki tūpono me te iti ake i te utu tuatahi.
• Ngā kowhiringa wehe: E tuku ana i tētahi wāhi wehenga e kitea ai i te wā o te whakatikatika hei whakarite i te haumātanga o ngā kaimahi, ā, e whakamahia ana hōhonu ki ngā taputapu tiaki e rua atu.

I te wā kotahi, me ōrite ngā aratau taputapu ki ngā āhuatanga uta o ngā rama huarahi:

• Tātai uta: Mō tētahi tohu paerewa (hei tauira, e ono ngā rama LED 100W kei te 600W te tapeke), kōwhiria he pouaka taraka e 20%-25% te nui ake hei whakauru i te kore tūponotia o te hiko me ngā raru takotoranga. Mō ngā pou e whai anarama maha ana (hei tauira, whakamārama + ngā kamupene mataara), whakauruhia ngā taputapu tiaki tūmotu 10A/230V mō ia anarama kia kaua ai te māmātanga e huri.
• Te whakahaere i te waeatu: Ko ngā kaiwhakarato LED e hāngai ana i ngā waeatu e 10 ngā wae ingoa ake i te waeatu noa i te wā o te tiimata, ā, ka pūmahia tēnei mō te 100 mirimitiara. Nō reira, e herea ana ngā parahuka roa-wātea e iti rawa 125% te waeatu ingoa o te waeatu noa o te punaha. E ai ki te Pūrongo Rangahau Mātauranga Ōwhe 2023, ko te 35% pea o ngā herenga rama pouaka he mea nō ngā parahuka tikanga e kore e taea te tautoko i ēnei tohu mātātoko. Mō ngā tono matua, e tūtohua ana ngā parahuka rua-huinga e 20kA te kaha tuhinga.
• Te whirihoranga tiaki takirua: Ko ngā punaha rama pouaka hou e huinga ana i ngā parahuka 6A–16A e torotoro ana me ngā Kīwai Iharotapu 30mA (RCDs). Ko ngā parahuka e whakahaere ana i ngā taraweti (e whakatē ana i te waeatu roa) me ngā huarahi poto (e tapa ana i te waeatu herenga i te <0.1s), ā, ko ngā RCDs e kite ana i ngā herenga whenua (e wehe ana i te ara i te <40ms), ka iti ai te mōrearea o te patunga hiko kei tata ki ngā ara tūmatanui.

Ngā Tono Whai Mātauranga: Te Tutuki i ngā Paerewa me ngā Tohutohu Whakaputanga

Te Arataki ki ngā Paerewa Matua

Me whai mātauranga ngā pouaka hiko o waho ki te Komiti Ipurangi Electrotechnical (IEC), te Ture Hiko Ā-Motu (NEC), me ngā ture ā-rohe:

• Te paerewa IEC 61439-3: Whakaratohia kia taea e te taputapu te herekenga i ngā tikanga taiao tino, me te tauwae wehenga o -40℃ ki +55℃.
• Te Mātai NEC 410: Whakaturia ngā tono haumaru motuhake mō te whakamārama tūmatanui, tae atu ki te tiaki i ngā pereka ahi.
• Ngā waehere ā-rohe: Ka taea hoki te tautoheke i ētahi atu tono i ētahi rohe (hei tauira, te whakapai ake i te tiaki i te karuwhaumu umukai mō ngā rohe tai, te whakapai ake i te aukati i te paru mō ngā rohe hangarau).

Te Whiriwhiringa Rawa Tiaki (IP)

Ka tukuna e matou ngā rawa IP mai i IP43 ki IP67, ka taea ai te whiriwhiri tika ki ngā taiao whakaputanga:

Te Whaitua Kaitono Koupapa

Me ū ana ngā pouaka hiko ki ngā koupapa e neke haere ana i te 2.5mm² ki te 70mm² kia ū ai ki ngā hiko hiko mō ngā punaha rama whenua e rerekana ana i te hiko:

• Ngā rama whenua pēpi ika (50-100W ia kapa): He pai ngā kawhe o te 2.5mm²-10mm², tūtohua atu ki ngā taputapu tiaki e ōrite ana ki ngā arataki maha.
• Ngā rama whenua pēpi nui ake (ngā rama maha, nekeneke rānei): Me whakamahi kawhe o te 16mm²-70mm² hei whakarite i te tuku hiko tūmau. I te wā e tū ana, me ōrite te wāhi tuunga o te pouaka hiako ki te wāhi kawhe kia kaua ai te hau tepeka mō te hoki ai te hiko.

Te Whakangāhau i ngā Rāwekenga Whakatuwhera Atamira

Kei te herekai te whakauru i te whakauru tika i waenganui i ngā rāwekenga whakatuwhera atamira o te pouaka hiako me te wāhi kua whakauruhia kei te pou rama whenua. Ko ngā tauparapara matua e mōhiotia ana ko ēnei (tikanga tūhuratia e ngā hiahia):

• Ngā pouaka iti iti (mō ngā ara 1-2): He rāwekenga whakatuwhera atamira e urupare ana: 150mm × 200mm × 100mm (R×W×H), he pai mō ngā pou rama whenua noa iho e whakahaere ana i tētahi rama anake.
• Nga pouaka hiako (mo nga ara 3-5): He taumira toa whānui: 200mm × 300mm × 120mm, e whai wāhi ana ki te aratau mātātoko mō ngā taputapu maha pērā i te whakamārama me te mataara.
• Nga pouaka hiako nui (mo 6+ ara, neke atu ranei, i roto hoki i ngā taputapu mātauranga): He taumira toa whānui: 300mm × 400mm × 150mm, e tiaki ana i te wāhi mō ngā kaitirotiro IoT me ngā taputapu whakawhitinga irirangi.

Me whakatau ngā dimensions o te wāhi whakatuwhera toa arataki ana ki te tōpene o te pou rama ārai, me te wāhi o roto mō ngā ahuatanga, kia pai ai te pupuni i muri i te whakauru, kia atawhai ai i te wai me te paru.

Hoahoa me te Tūponotanga: E uru ana ki ngā taiao takitahi taiao

Hoahoa Whakauru ki te Taiao

Me āhua ngā pouaka hiako mō ngā pou rama ārai ki ngā tikanga āhuarangi maha, me ngā patunga tinana, ā, ko ngā whakaaro matua e pā ana ki:

• Kore-ua me te kore-pota: Whakamahia he hoahoa runga tāwhai kia kore ai e oti te wai; me ū ki ngā paerewa IP kua whiriwhiria ngā hononga kua pouaka. Me āki ai ngā paerewa IP66 me rungarangi kia taea ngā huringa āhuarangi anuanu, pērā i te ua haurua me ngā hau kaha.
• Manawaroa ki te korairi: Mō ngā rohe takutai, whakaritea ngā hua NEMA 4X certified e hanga ana i te parahi tōpahi rino rāpoi, i te parahi tōpahi rino 304 rānei. Mō ngā rohe ahumahi, me ngā rohe kua tarawetiha tino, ka taea e ngā hoahoa kirihou e whai ana i te turanga polymer me ngā taputapu rino mātāmira te heke i te korairi galvanic.
• Manawaroa ki te patuki me te titi: Whakamahia te polycarbonate tikangia kia tino pakari mō te takotoranga waho, e aro ana ki ngā taputapu rino mātāmira (kia kore ai e kōhukuhuku i ngā wero iti) me ngā papa titi roto. Ka taea e ngā papamuri tautautika kia roa ake te ora ratonga, ina hoki te 40% i ngā rohe nui haere.

Whakapūakitanga me te Tautoko Tūponotanga

Kōwhiria ngā hua e whai mātai tuatoru ana: ka whakarārangitia te tiwhikete UL 67 i te kaha o te dielectric ≥2.5kV me te au rere ≤0.5mA, ā, ka ōrite ki ngā here herenga mō te aukati i ngā mahi pāpaku me te tino whakapae i ngā āhuatanga rangi ki ngā taiao tāone. Ka whakamāma ngā hoahoa takitahi e whai tiwhikete ISO 9001 ngā whakapainga e āhua ake ana me te whai wāhi ki ngā punaha arataki mātauranga. E ai ki ngā raraunga 2023 mai i te Rōpū Whakamarie Ahi Kīngitanga (NFPA), ko ngā pouaka fuuse e whai mātai ana e iti ake te mōrearea ahi umanga 34% i ngā tauira e kore e ōrite.

Te Tāpuranga me te Whānuitanga i Muri: Te Taurite i waenganui i te Mahi Āhua me te Hoahoa Mō muri

Te Wāhi Tāpuranga me te Haumaru

Me taurite te tāpuranga pouaka fuuse i waenganui i te whakauru ai ki te whakamaharatanga me te haumaru i te iwi:

• Te teitei tā: Ina tāwheratia ki ngā ara tētahi tāone, me tā 1.8 mita, neke atu rānei, te aukati kia kore ai te irirangi e uru atu ai, engari kia taea e ngā kaimahi whakamaharatanga te whakamahi i ngā taputapu noa.
• Ngā tapa haumaru me te whakamarorotanga: Whakamahia ngā kātata polycarbonate kaha ki ngā pāpāri tēpū mārō me ngā tohu herehere e kitea ai te tamper, e arataki ana ki te Matatapu 314.29 o NEC mō ngā pouaka hiko taiao. Kaitea i te 63% pea i ngā raru whakamarorotanga (ngā raraunga mai i te Pūrongo Tautoko Mātai Hiko 2024).

Te āhua momohia me te whai wāhi ki te Pūkenga Rorirori

He mea nui ngā pouaka hiko āhua momohia mō te whānuitanga o te tāone rorirori. E whai wāhi ana ki ngā rāiri tāuruarangi tīpako, ka whai hua ai te whakauru i ngā kaitirotiro IoT me ngā taputapu whakawhitinga irirangi korehoahoa, kāore he huringa maha i ngā kawheka:

• Te noho ake i te waea: Ko te mārama paerewa e hiahia ana ināianei ki te pūmahi 30A. Kōwhiria ngā pouaka hiko e noho ana i te wāhi 20% atu anō hei tautoko i ngā taputapu ā muri pērā i ngā kaitirotiro kounga hau me ngā tokorua utu inu hiko.
• Whakawhanuitanga i te pātata: Tautoko i te whai mātāpono ki ngā taputapu hou mo te rerekētanga o te wae, me ngā taputapu takirua hiko. E ai ki ngā tirohanga a te ahumahi, kei te 45% pea o ngā rama huarahi o te ao ka honoa ki ngā whatunga hiko mātauranga taua mai i te 2028, ā, ka taea e ngā hua momotuha te uru atu māmā ki tēnei aronga.

Ngā Pātai e Patai Pūnoa Ana

• He aha te take e nui ana ngā pouaka hiko mō ngā pūnaha rama huarahi?

Ka whakarereke ngā pouaka hiko i ngā mōrearea hiko e hua ana i te irahiko nui, i ngā hororere poto rānei, ka tiaki i ngā kaihīkoi me te hanganga, ā, ko te matua tiamiti mō te mahi tūmau o ngā pūnaha rama huarahi.

• Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā pouaka hiko e ōrite ana ki ngā taipitopito kawhe?

Kōwhiria ngā kawhe e neke ana i te 2.5mm² ki te 70mm² e based on te hiko o te rama huarahi. Whakapaua kia ōrite te uara irahiko o te kawhe ki te uara irahiko o te pouaka hiko, me te uta o te rama huarahi kia kaua ai ngā pūtake o ngā pūpahi kia kore ai te noho pai.

• Me pēhea te kōwhiri i te IP rating e tika ana?

Whakatauia ana mā te taiao whakauru: IP43-IP55 mō ngā wāhi pupuri, IP66 mō ngā wāhi tūturu taone, IP67 mō ngā wāhi e pā ana te awa rānei te ua hāere rānei, me te tiwhikete manawarongo NEMA 4X mō ngā rohe tai.

• Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i waenganui i ngā momo toronga e toru?

He pai ngā hiha (he iti te utu) mō ngā ara kotahi mō te whakamārama; he pai ake ngā taputapu takirua (ka taea te whakarewa anō, māma ai te tiro) mō ngā punaha rama pouara umintia; he pai ngā taputapu wehe mō ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana te whakatika marino kia ārai ai i ngā pauna.

• He aha ngā vantex o te hoahoa takirua?

Ka taea ai te whānuitanga o ngā ara me te whakaurunga i ngā taputapu umintia, e uru ana ki te whanaketanga o te tāone umintia kāore e hiahiatia te whakarerekē i te hanganga pou pouara e wātea ana, ka iti ake ngā utu whakapainga me te herenga o te mahi.